Robert Robichaud, MS, MA, BA
Abstract
This review examines the safety and environmental implications of artificial grass, emphasizing its impact on families and pets. By integrating a wide array of studies, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on artificial grass, assessing its pros and cons from health, safety, and ecological viewpoints. Emphasis is placed on understanding the chemical composition of artificial turf, its physical safety in various applications, and its environmental sustainability. This paper also delves into the counter-intuitive aspects of artificial grass, challenging prevalent perceptions and providing a nuanced understanding of its role in modern landscapes.
Introduction
Contextualizing Artificial Grass
In the contemporary landscape marked by rapid urbanization, water conservation demands, and escalating environmental challenges, artificial grass has emerged as a significant player. This evolution is not merely a response to aesthetic preferences but stems from a complex interplay of environmental, economic, and practical considerations. Urban spaces, constantly grappling with the scarcity of green areas, have increasingly adopted artificial grass as a solution to the challenges posed by natural turf. The high maintenance requirements, including regular watering, mowing, and pest and weed control associated with natural grass, present logistical and environmental challenges in urban settings. Artificial grass offers a seemingly convenient alternative, bypassing these demands and presenting an evergreen, low-maintenance solution.
However, the adoption of artificial grass is not without its complexities. This research paper delves into the multifaceted nature of artificial grass, scrutinizing its composition, utility, and safety implications. In residential areas, the appeal of artificial grass lies in its minimal upkeep, resilience to wear and tear, and its year-round aesthetic appeal. These attributes make it an attractive option for homeowners seeking practical and visually appealing landscapes. In sports fields, the use of artificial grass is driven by the need for durable, consistent playing surfaces. Natural grass fields, subject to weather conditions and extensive use, often become uneven and patchy, potentially affecting the quality of play and increasing the risk of injuries. Artificial turf, with its uniformity and resilience, offers a solution to these issues.
The increasing prevalence of artificial grass raises pertinent questions about its environmental impact and safety, particularly in contexts involving prolonged human exposure and interaction. Concerns about the chemical composition of the materials used in artificial turf, their potential health risks, and the environmental sustainability of these synthetic alternatives are at the forefront of ongoing debates. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of these aspects, offering insights into the viability and implications of choosing artificial grass in modern landscapes.
Scope and Focus
This paper’s main objective is to examine the safety of artificial grass, particularly in terms of its use by humans and pets, and to explore its broader environmental implications. This involves a meticulous assessment of both the positive and negative aspects associated with artificial grass, ensuring a balanced and comprehensive perspective. The focus extends to various contexts in which artificial grass is commonly utilized, especially in residential areas and sports fields where frequent human and pet interactions with the material occur.
In residential settings, artificial grass is often chosen for its low maintenance and aesthetic consistency. Here, the safety analysis centers around the direct exposure of families and pets to artificial turf. This includes evaluating the risks associated with the chemical components of artificial grass, such as PFAS, which have raised health concerns due to their persistence and potential toxicological effects. PFAS, however, show up in so many daily use products it is more likely to be from the shoes and coat you wear to your cooking products.
The paper will assess safety concerns of artificial grass, considering factors like its texture and heat absorption properties, which are particularly relevant in environments where children and pets play and spend considerable time. In the realm of sports, artificial grass is favored for its durability and uniform playing surface. However, this brings forth a different set of safety considerations, primarily related to the risk of sports-related injuries. Studies have shown varying injury rates on artificial turf compared to natural grass, with some suggesting a higher incidence of lower extremity injuries on synthetic surfaces. Just as much evidence exists for injuries sustained from uneven playing surfaces that occur on sod fields of play.
Literature Review
The literature on artificial grass encompasses a broad spectrum of studies focusing on its chemical safety, potential for physical injury in sports, and environmental implications.
Chemical Safety Concerns
A significant concern with artificial grass is the presence of potentially harmful chemicals. Research has identified various substances in artificial turf, such as phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are associated with health risks like endocrine disruption and environmental exposure issues.
Celeiro and colleagues (2018) conducted a meticulous study examining the chemical components of artificial turf, with a particular focus on identifying hazardous substances. Employing the sophisticated technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, their research uncovered a range of detrimental chemicals within synthetic turf. This detailed analysis illuminated the presence of various substances that raise significant health and environmental alarms, emphasizing the urgency for enhanced regulatory oversight of materials used in artificial turf production. Moreover, the study sheds light on the potential health risks posed by these chemicals, suggesting a need to compare the exposure rates to synthetic grass with everyday encounters with similar chemicals, such as PFAS, in the environment. This comparison is crucial for understanding the relative impact of artificial turf in the broader context of environmental health exposures.
In a similar vein, the Environmental Working Group’s report in 2019 provided further evidence of the potential dangers associated with artificial grass. Their research specifically pointed to the presence of toxic PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) in artificial turf. PFAS are known for their persistence in the environment and have been linked to various health risks, including endocrine disruption and other serious health concerns. This report reinforced the findings of earlier studies like that of Celeiro et al., emphasizing the need for more research regarding safety standards in the production of artificial turf.
As of now, there is no concrete evidence or officially documented cases that establish a direct link between the use of artificial grass and specific health problems. Investigations into the health impacts of synthetic turf have largely centered on its chemical composition, yet these studies have not definitively connected artificial grass to health concerns. It is, however, crucial to continue research and monitoring to thoroughly understand the potential long-term health consequences associated with artificial grass. This is especially important as the industry evolves with new materials and technologies.
It’s noteworthy to mention that other everyday products, such as waterproof boots and nonstick pans, have been found to contain higher levels of PFAS, which poses a more significant exposure risk. These items, due to their widespread use and the nature of their application, potentially present a greater likelihood of PFAS exposure compared to artificial grass. The ongoing research in this area is key to developing a more comprehensive understanding of PFAS exposure and its implications across various products and materials.
Physical Injury Rates in Sports on Artificial Turf
The debate on the safety of artificial turf in sports is complex, with research yielding mixed results regarding injury rates compared to natural grass. This area of study is particularly crucial as it directly impacts athletes’ health and performance.
Several studies have indicated a higher incidence of certain types of injuries on artificial surfaces. For instance, foot and ankle injuries are reported to be more common on artificial turf. The rigid nature of the surface, coupled with its reduced natural give, is thought to contribute to these increased injury rates. This is particularly relevant in sports that involve high-intensity running, sudden direction changes, and impact-heavy landings, such as soccer and American football.
A notable example in professional sports that stirred this debate was the injury to New York Jets quarterback Aaron Rodgers, who tore his Achilles’ tendon during an NFL game on artificial turf. Although this incident alone does not establish causality, it brought attention to the potential risks associated with artificial surfaces in high-level athletics. It is important to note that wet, uneven and muddy surfaces on normal sod fields have also caused career-ending injuries for athletes.
Environmental Impact of Artificial Grass
The environmental implications of artificial grass are multifaceted, encompassing both benefits and moderate concerns. On the one hand, artificial turf offers certain advantages over natural grass, particularly in urban and sports settings. These benefits primarily include reduced water usage and minimal maintenance requirements. Natural grass, in contrast, demands regular watering, mowing, and pest control, which can be resource-intensive, especially in water-scarce areas. However, these benefits are counterbalanced by several environmental concerns. The production and disposal of artificial grass raises environmental issues.
Key concerns include:
Micro Plastics Pollution – The degradation of artificial turf contributes to micro plastics pollution. As the material wears down, it releases tiny particles of plastic into the environment, which can have far-reaching impacts on soil quality, water systems, and overall biodiversity.
Heat Island Effect – Another significant issue is the contribution of artificial turf to the urban heat island effect. Synthetic surfaces, like artificial grass, can absorb and retain heat, leading to increased temperatures in urban areas. This effect exacerbates heat stress for humans and negatively impacts the local climate.
Soil and Biodiversity Impact – The installation of artificial grass impacts the soil structure and reduces biodiversity. Unlike natural grass, which supports a range of organisms and contributes to carbon sequestration, artificial turf does not provide habitat for insects, birds, or soil microorganisms. This leads to a reduction in biodiversity and affects the natural ecological balance
Disposal and Non-biodegradability – The disposal of artificial grass is a critical environmental concern due to its non-biodegradable nature. The materials used in artificial turf can take decades, if not centuries, to decompose, contributing to landfill waste and associated ecological issues.
While artificial grass offers several practical benefits, its potential for environmental impacts is wide-ranging. These concerns highlight the need for careful consideration and a balanced approach when opting for artificial turf, especially in public spaces and residential areas. The challenges associated with its disposal, its contribution to microplastic pollution, and the heat island effect offer concern. However, concerns like these are often adjusted with advancements in technology and policy as the industry continues to grow and innovate.
The Benefits of Artificial Grass
Water Conservation
One of the most significant benefits of artificial grass is its contribution to water conservation. Natural grass lawns require substantial amounts of water for maintenance. In contrast, artificial turf eliminates the need for regular watering, except for occasional cleaning and cooling. According to a 2014 study, artificial turf fields have lower environmental impacts than equivalent grass fields over their life cycle, primarily due to water conservation.
This is particularly crucial in regions prone to droughts, have restrictions, and where water conservation is essential. Many city governments throughout the Southwest offer homeowners’ incentives to replace natural grass with artificial turf through cash and tax benefits. Tempe Arizona is a leader in this movement and the Southern Nevada Water Authority.
Reduced Energy Use and Air Pollution
Artificial grass does not require mowing, which translates into energy savings and reduced air pollution. California has restricted the use and sale of many gas-powered tools; artificial turf provides a solution. Traditional lawn maintenance involves the use of gas-powered mowers and other equipment, contributing significantly to air pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notes that using a gas lawn mower for one hour is equivalent to the emissions from 11 cars running for the same duration. By eliminating the need for these tools, artificial grass reduces the use of fossil fuels and lowers the carbon footprint associated with lawn maintenance.
Fewer Chemicals
Maintaining natural grass often requires fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which involve chemicals that can be harmful to both humans and the environment. Artificial turf eliminates the need for these chemicals, thus reducing their presence in your yard and minimizing their impact on the environment. Many of those chemicals find their way back into the agricultural water systems as well as aquifers used for human consumption.
Reduction in Single-Use Plastics
Lawn care products like fertilizers and pesticides often come in single-use plastic packaging. By opting for artificial grass, which does not require such products, you can reduce the consumption of single-use plastics, contributing to environmental conservation. Our research found more USA-based manufacturers exploring the recyclability of their turf and are creating new products that they believe can be recycled fully in the future.
Limiting Erosion and Runoff
Artificial turf can be effective in controlling erosion and runoff, especially in sloped areas. Natural grass on slopes can lead to runoff and erosion, carrying sediments and concentrating contaminants to local habitats and water supplies. Artificial grass can help control these issues, thereby protecting nearby habitats and water sources.
Advances in Technology
Advancements in artificial grass technology are addressing some of the earlier concerns related to its use. For example, newer types of artificial turf are being developed with cooling technologies, like mats that absorb and retain water to reduce surface temperature. Additionally, improvements in blade design are being made to reduce heat absorption, making the turf cooler to the touch. This advancement is particularly beneficial during hot weather, improving comfort for users and reducing the heat island effect commonly associated with synthetic surfaces.
Longevity and Durability
Artificial grass typically has a longer life cycle compared to natural grass. It is designed to withstand wear and tear, maintaining its appearance and functionality over many years. This durability means less frequent replacement and, consequently, a potentially lower environmental impact over its lifespan compared to maintaining a natural grass lawn.
Need for Continuous Research
The dynamic nature of sports surfaces technology means that continuous monitoring and research are essential. There is a need for more extensive, longitudinal studies that can keep pace with the evolving designs of artificial turf. Such research should ideally control for various factors like player technique, footwear, and playing style, which can all influence injury risk.
Comprehensive Conclusion and Recommendations
In summary, despite stated existing environmental concerns surrounding artificial grass, its numerous benefits in water conservation, reduced energy usage and pollution, decreased reliance on chemicals, minimized single-use plastic usage, erosion control, and technological advancements present a compelling case for its widespread adoption. As with any landscaping decision, it’s vital to thoroughly weigh both the advantages and disadvantages to make an informed choice that supports environmental sustainability and aligns with individual needs. Our evaluation suggests that artificial grass is safe for pets and families, with minimal risk of exposure to chemicals or toxins. In the rare event of such exposure, it is unlikely to pose significant physical concerns short or long-term. There are significant cost savings for commercial and residential owners by limiting the need for regular cutting, fertilization, general irrigation repair, and maintenance.
Recommendations
For Policymakers
- Safe Disposal and Recycling Guidelines – Develop and enforce guidelines for the safe disposal and recycling of artificial grass. This should focus on minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable end-of-life practices for synthetic turf.
- Repurposing Plastic Sources – Encourage the repurposing of other plastic sources in the manufacturing of synthetic grass, promoting a circular economy and reducing new plastic production.
For Industry
- Material Research – Continue to invest in research and development to identify and use safer materials in artificial grass production. This could involve exploring biodegradable alternatives to current materials.
- Environmentally Friendly Alternatives – Actively explore and develop environmentally friendly alternatives to current artificial turf designs, such as materials that are easier to recycle or have a lower environmental footprint.
For End Users
- Stay Informed – End users should stay informed about the potential risks associated with artificial grass. This includes understanding the chemical composition of the turf and its potential environmental impact.
For Future Research
- Investigate Alternative Materials and Designs – Research should focus on alternative materials and designs that can improve the safety and environmental sustainability of artificial turf. This includes studying the lifecycle impacts of different materials and exploring innovations that reduce heat absorption or improve recyclability.
References
- Celeiro, M., Dagnac, T., & Llompart, M. (2018). Determination of priority and other hazardous substances in football fields of synthetic turf by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A health and environmental concern. Chemosphere, 195, 201-211. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.063. PubMed Environmental Working Group. (2019). New Studies Show PFAS in Artificial Grass Blades and Backing. Retrieved from Environmental Working Group
- Pavilonis, B. T., Weisel, C. P., Buckley, B., & Lioy, P. J. (2014). Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers. Risk Analysis, 34(1), 44-55. doi: 10.1111/risa.12081. PubMed
- Pochron, S. T., Fiorenza, A., Sperl, C., Ledda, B., Lawrence Patterson, C., Tucker, C. C., Tucker, W., Ho, Y. L., Panico, N. (2017). The response of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and soil microbes to the crumb rubber material used in artificial turf fields. Chemosphere, 173, 557-562. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.091. PubMed
- Gomes, F. O., Rocha, M. R., Alves, A., & Ratola, N. (2021). A review of potentially harmful chemicals in crumb rubber used in synthetic football pitches. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 409, 124998. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124998. PubMed
- Murphy, M., & Warner, G. R. (2022). Health impacts of artificial turf: Toxicity studies, challenges, and future directions. Environmental Pollution, 310, 119841. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119841. PubMed
- California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). (2016). Environmental Health Study of Synthetic Turf – August 2016 Update. Retrieved from OEHHA
- INSTALL-IT-DIRECT. (2021). 7 Environmental Benefits of Artificial Grass. Retrieved from INSTALL-IT-DIRECT
- Artificial Turf Organization. (2020). Myths Debunked: A Factsheet On Artificial Grass And Trees. Retrieved from Artificial-Turf.org
